** Anyway, I think that anyone who decides that he should invest his retirement funds into stocks should ... <poor analogy here>
People by-and-large put their money into pension funds. Pension funds typically buy secure bonds and shares, for example ones with a AAA rating. Wouldn't it suck if those bonds turned out to be worthless? Oh ... wait a minute...
** Maybe someone who took business/economics classes knows better, but as far as I can tell, the value of stocks is almost entirely dependent on money people put into them so anyone who expects to gain money through stocks expects to benefit at others' expense.
No - the value of stocks is lower bounded by the capital value of the asset, upper bounded by the expected value of the them in the long term (as a function of dividends) and holds the value of the current expected value of the stocks with a short-term future modifier. Stocks have their value change mostly due to changing supply and demand, but shares have their value determined by the profitability and future market direction of the company.
** When you invest in stocks, you hand your money over to people who want to make money at your expense.
They take a cut, so your profit _IS_ their profit.
** At best, half of the people involved will gain equally and half of the people involved will lose equally
If that were true, investment banks would have a net income of 0 by the law of big-numbers and their volume of trade.
** When a company goes out of business, a small number of people who are on top of things will sell their stocks benefiting themselves at the expense of the few people still willing to buy them and those who were not as quick to sell.
The people who see the bankruptcy coming from a distance sell first, and make more money than those that see the change later. In fact the true is the same the other way 'round (people who see future profits from furthest away make the most money) - and thus the stock market prunes the investors to the ones who are good at seeing the future trends of companies. This is the reason why capitalism is so effective - companies that are going up in the world need capital investment to generate profitability, and given a finite amount of capital we need people to prioritise which companies capital should go into. The priority should be that the "best" (most profitable) companies (i.e. the highest ROI) should get the most capital - and this requires people who are good at assessing the future profitability of the company - which is exactly the job of the investment banker. Investment banking might look like a job of witchcraft and guess-work, but in reality it's a mechanism to prioritise the capital investment of firms in society - and the investment bankers who make better guesses make more money.
** Since those people still holding stock can no longer sell, they can only recover the funds they "invested" by liquidating the company and distributing it it evenly among their shares.
Or by selling the shares on the market.
** More often than not, the company is not worth the sum of the funds they "invested" (partially because of corporate debt) and they lose money.
That's not true. More often than not the company is worth more than the sum of funds they invested, because the company has assets which are paid for by the money, and also potential for growth. If investing money was a sure loss maker, noone would do it. Because the opposite is true, it's a multi-trillion dollar business.
** People who are managing their retirement funds are people who are not on top of things.
Quite the opposite. Pension funds pay more than most for the top accountants, quants and investment firms to manage their assets, and are disturbingly good at it. You might hear that many pension funds are worse off from all of the recent economic trouble, but our internal pension fund _made_ money during Black Monday - indeed there's currently a pension-payments holiday because if they make more money it beats a tax threshold.
**they really should be roughly equivalent to those in a predator-prey population,
Why?
** so it is a natural occurrence for many companies to go out of business at approximately the same time.
Why? Businesses are generally set-up to fill a need in society or as an outlet of creativity, both of which are bounded by the amount of venture-capital that will back them, and from what I've seen, VC investment is the cap on business creation, not anything else.